Prevalencia del segundo conducto en dientes anteroinferiores usando Tomografía Computadorizada Cone Beam / Second root canal prevalence in lower anterior teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introducción: Es un error común pensar que los dientes anteroinferiores, por lo general, tienen un solo conducto radicular con una sola raíz. Sin embargo, un estudio realizado por Vertucci et. al., (1974), mostraron una alta prevalencia (13%) de dos conductos radiculares en los dientes anteroinferiores, lo que estimuló más investigaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del segundo conducto radicular en los dientes anteroinferiores en una población nicaragüense, estos fueron detectados por medio de tomografía computadorizada (Cone Beam). Materiales y Métodos: En el estudio se analizaron 293 piezas dentales, de canino a canino de la arcada inferior. Para realizar el análisis se utilizó el software libre Radiant DICOM Viewer 2021.2.2, se realizaron cortes sagitales, axiales y coronales para ver la prevalencia del segundo conducto radicular. Resultados: De las 293 piezas dentarias analizadas se encontró que 259 presentaban un solo conducto que correspondía al 88.4% y 34 dientes presentaban dos conductos que correspondían al 11.6%. De acuerdo con el análisis tomográfico, se encontró que en los cortes axiales y sagitales fue donde se observó la presencia del segundo conducto. Con respecto a la presencia del segundo conducto de acuerdo al tercio del canal radicular se identificó que la mayoría se presentó en el tercio medio (52.94%), seguido por coronal (29.41%) y por último el tercio apical (17.65%). De acuerdo con la clasificación de Vertucci se encontró que se presenta un mayor porcentaje del tipo I con 88.40%, seguido por el tipo III con 4.44%, después el tipo V con 3.41%, y el tipo II con 2.39%. El de menor porcentaje fue el tipo VI con 1.37%, mientras que, en las piezas analizadas, no se encontraron los tipos IV, VII y VIII. Conclusión: Basados en los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, la prevalencia de un segundo conducto en dientes anteroinferiores fue de 11.6%.

Title The prevalence of a second root canal in mandibular anterior teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Abstract Introduction: It is a common misconception that the mandibular anterior teeth usually have a single root canal with a single root. However, a study by Vertucci et. al., (1974), showed a high prevalence (13%) of two root canals in the lower anterior teeth, which stimulated further investigations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the second root canal in the mandibular anterior teeth in a Nicaraguan population, these were detected by means of computed tomography (Cone Beam). Materials and methods: In the study, 293 teeth were analyzed, from canine to canine of the mandibular teeth. To perform the analysis, the free software Radiant DICOM Viewer 2021.2.2 was used, sagittal, axial and coronal views were made to see the prevalence of the second root canal. Results: Of the 293 teeth analyzed, it was found that 259 had a single root canal corresponding to 88.4%, and 34 teeth had two root canals corresponding to 11.6%. According to the tomographic analysis, it was found that the presence of the second root canal was observed only in the axial and sagittal views. Regarding the presence of the second canal according to the third of the root canal, it was identified that the majority presented in the middle third (52.94%), followed by coronal (29.41%) and finally the apical third (17.65%). According to the Vertucci classification, it was found that there is a higher percentage of type I with 88.40%, followed by type III with 4.44%, then type V with 3.41%, and type II with 2.39%. The one with the lowest percentage was type VI with 1.37%, while in the pieces analyzed, types IV, VII and VIII were not found. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, the prevalence of a second root canal in lower anterior teeth was 11.6%.

Esthetic proportions of maxillary anterior tooth among 300 normal occlusion college students in Shanxi province / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship between the width ratios of maxillary anterior teeth, the width/height ratios of maxillary central incisor and the esthetic proportions among individual normal occlusion, and to provide reference for the esthetic design of anterior teeth. Methods: A total of 300 Shanxi Medical University students who were residents from Shanxi province with normal occlusion (110 males, 190 females, aged 18-30 years) were recruited in this study from October 2020 to March 2021. Standardized digital photographs of the maxillary anterior tooth in natural head position were obtained, the perceived width of the maxillary anterior teeth (maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canines) on the left and right sides and height of maxillary central incisor were measured on the standardized digital photographs, then the width ratios of adjacent maxillary anterior teeth including the lateral incisor/central incisor width ratio (LI∶CI), the canine/lateral incisor width ratio (C∶LI), and the width/height ratios (W/H ratio) of the maxillary central incisor were calculated. The independent sample t test was used to compare the sex differences of each measurement project, Single sample t test was used to compare the difference of adjacent maxillary anterior teeth width ratios with golden proportion (0.618 and 0.618), Preston proportion (0.66 and 0.84), the recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion (0.70 and 0.70). The percentage of anterior tooth width/intercanine width was calculated, the number and proportion of teeth conforming to golden percentage (25%, 15%, 10%)±1% or modified golden percentage (22.5%, 15.0%, 12.5%)±1% were calculated. The number and proportion of width/height ratio of maxillary central incisor ranged from 0.75 to 0.85 was counted. Results: The widths of maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor and canine were (8.50±0.52), (6.23±0.53) and (5.18±0.55) mm, respectively, the corresponding tooth of male [(8.74±0.49), (6.37±0.52), (5.41±0.47) mm] was significantly higher than that of female [(8.37±0.50), (6.15±0.52), (5.04±0.54) mm] (t=6.40, 3.55, 6.23,P<0.05). The width ratio of maxillary lateral incisor/central incisor was 0.73±0.05, and there was no significant difference between genders (t=-1.06, P>0.05). The width ratio of canine/lateral incisor was 0.84±0.10, and it was significantly higher in male (0.85±0.10) than in female (0.82±0.10) (t=2.42, P<0.05). Two width ratios of maxillary anterior teeth were significantly different from golden proportion and the RED proportion (t=38.50, 35.74, 11.48, 22.20, P<0.05). The lateral incisor/central incisor was significantly different from that of Preston proportion (t=24.66, P<0.05), while the canine/lateral incisor was not significantly different from that of Preston proportion (t=-0.92, P>0.05). In this study, a total of 0% (0/600) of central incisors, 63.0% (378/600) of lateral incisors and 5.8% (35/600) of canines met the golden percentage±1%. There were 42.8% (257/600) of central incisors, 63.0% (378/600) of lateral incisors and 56.7% (340/600) of canines met the modified golden percentage±1%. The width/height ratio of maxillary central incisors was 0.86±0.08, and there was no significant difference between genders (t=-0.88, P>0.05). Only 36.3% (218/600) of the subjects in this study ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Conclusions: Gender differences should be considered in the esthetic design of anterior teeth; for the width ratios of maxillary anterior teeth, the golden proportion, the RED proportion and golden percentage do not accord with the natural tooth morphological characteristics of Shanxi nationality college students in normal occlusion. Preston proportion and modified golden percentage are of more reference value. The width/height ratio of maxillary central incisors is different from 0.75-0.85.

Aplicabilidad del método de Moyers para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años / Applicability of the Moyers method for the estimation of the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients of 12-18 years old

Uno de los métodos más universales empleados para predecir el ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares no erupcionados es el diseñado por el Dr. Edison Moyers, quien tomando como referencia la población anglosajona creó tablas de percentiles para estimar dichos valores en maxilar y mandíbula. Durante la última década varios investigadores han descubierto que, al aplicarlo en diversas poblaciones, existen diferencias significativas entre las predicciones y los valores reales. En Cuba, el método de Moyers es muy utilizado al 50% de probabilidades para la predicción en ambos sexos, pero existen pocos reportes de estudios que validen su confiablidad y los que existen utilizan muestras pequeñas de pacientes. Es por ello por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la aplicabilidad del método de Moyers al 50% de probabilidades para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde julio de 2019 hasta febrero de 2020 con una población de 125 pacientes, 62 del sexo femenino y 63 del masculino, de entre 12 y 18 años de Cuba. Se efectuaron las mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los incisivos inferiores, todos los caninos y premolares. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia a las variables estudiadas y los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Para comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas se utilizó la prueba estadística t-Student. Los resultados principales obtenidos fueron que el método de Moyers tiende a subestimar los valores para el sexo femenino entre los 0,4-0,5 mm, y para el sexo masculino entre los 0,6-0,7 mm, siendo esta diferencia significativa para los hombres. Se concluye que el método de Moyers no puede ser aplicado en la población estudiada para la predicción del ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares

One of the most universal methods used to predict the mesiodistal width of non-erupted canines and premolars is the one designed by Dr. Edison Moyers, an American orthodontist who, taking the Anglo-Saxon population as a reference, created percentile tables to estimate these values in the maxilla and mandible. During the last decade, several researchers have discovered that, when applied to various populations, there are significant differences between predictions and actual values. In Cuba, it is widely used at a 50% probability for prediction in both sexes, but there are few reports of studies that validate its reliability and those that do exist use small samples of patients. For this reason, the objective of this research is to determine the applicability of the Moyers method at 50% probabilities for estimating the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients 12-18 years of age. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was developed from July 2019 to February 2020 with a population of 125 patients, 62 females and 63 males, between 12 and 18 years old from Cuba. Measurements were made of the mesiodistal widths of the lower incisors, all the canines and premolars. Frequency distributions were made to the variables studied and the results were presented in statistical tables. To verify the existence of significant differences, the statistical t-Student test was used. The main results obtained were that the Moyers method tends to underestimate the values for the female sex between 0.4-0.5 mm, and for the male sex between 0.6 and 0.7 mm, this difference being significant for men. It is concluded that the Moyers method cannot be applied in the population studied for the prediction of the mesiodistal width of canines and premolars

Aplicabilidad del método Tanaka-Johnston para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 Años / Applicability of the Tanaka-Johnston method for the estimation of the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients of 12-18 years old

El método Tanaka-Johnston es utilizado mundialmente para predecir el diámetro de caninos y premolares no erupcionados por la conveniencia de no necesitar tablas ni radiografías para su uso. Sin embargo, durante los últimos años investigadores de varios países han demostrado que al ser utilizado en una población diferente para la que fue diseñado, puede sobrestimar o subestimar los valores. En Cuba, donde el patrón facial de la población difiere del ideal para este método, ha sido muy empleado, pero prácticamente no existen estudios donde se valide la confiabilidad o exactitud de las predicciones de este. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la aplicabilidad del método Tanaka-Johnston para la estimación del diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares en pacientes de 12-18 años. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde junio de 2019 hasta enero de 2020 con una población de 140 pacientes de ambos sexos de entre 12 y 18 años de Cuba. Se efectuaron las mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los incisivos inferiores, todos los caninos y premolares. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia a las variables estudiadas y los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Para comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas se utilizó la prueba estadística t-Student. Los resultados principales obtenidos fueron que el método Tanaka-Johnston tiende a sobrestimar los valores para el sexo femenino y subestimarlos para el masculino, ambos entre los 0,2 y 0,3 mm, pero esta diferencia no resulta significativa. Se concluye que el método Tanaka-Johnston puede ser aplicado en la población estudiada para la predicción del ancho mesiodistal de caninos y premolares no erupcionados.

The Tanaka-Johnston method is used worldwide to predict the diameter of canines and premolars not erupted for the convenience of not needing boards or x-rays for use. However, in recent years researchers from several countries have shown that when used in a different population for which it was designed, it can overestimate or underestimate the values. In Cuba, where the facial pattern of the population differs from the ideal for this method, it has been highly used, but there are very few studies where the reliability or accuracy of the predictions of the same is validated. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the applicability of the Tanaka-Johnston method for estimating the mesiodistal diameter of canines and premolars in patients aged 12-18 years. A descriptive and cross-cutting study was conducted from June 2019 to January 2020 with a population of 140 patients of both sexes between 12 and 18 years of age from Cuba. Measurements were made of the mesiodistal widths of the lower incisors, all canines, and premolars. Frequency distributions were made to the variables studied and the results were presented in statistical tables. The t-Student statistical test was used to verify significant differences. The main results obtained were that the Tanaka-Johnston method tends to overestimate the values for the female sex and underestimate them for the male, both between 0,2 and 0,3 mm, but this difference is not significant. It is concluded that the Tanaka-Johnston method can be applied in the population studied for the prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted canines and premolars.

Prediction of the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth from nasal interalar width in peruvian subjects with facial harmony

Objective: To determine regression models to predict the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary anterior teeth from interalar width of the nose in subjects with facial harmony. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 75 subjects with facial harmony and ages ranging from 18 to 30 years (21.28±3.75 years). The mesiodistal width of the central (CI), lateral (LI) incisors, and canines (C), as well as the interalar width (IW) of each subject were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Simple linear regression analyses were used to predict the width of the maxillary anterior teeth from the nasal interalar width, from which formulas for predicting the dimensions of each anterior tooth were obtained. Results: A statistically significant relationship was found between the nasal interalar width and the mesiodistal widths of the upper central incisor (p=0.019, R2=5.23%), upper lateral incisor (p=0.019, R2=2.31%), and upper canine (p=0.016, R2=12.04%) that allowed to develop simple linear prediction models for each tooth represented by the following formulas: CI=7.04+0.04(IW); LI=6.01+0.03 (IW); C=6.19+0.05 (IW). Conclusion: The nasal interalar width is a good predictor of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary anterior teeth.

Objectivo: Determinar modelos de regresión para predecir los anchos mesiodistales de los dientes anterosuperiores a partir del ancho interalar de la nariz en individuos con armonía facial. Materiales and Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 75 sujetos con armonía facial entre 18 a 30 años (21.28 ± 3.75 años), se midió el ancho mesiodistal de incisivos centrales (IC), laterales (IL) y caninos (C) así como el ancho interalar (AI) de cada sujeto empleando un calibrador vernier digital. Para la predicción del ancho de los dientes anterosuperiores a partir del ancho interalar nasal se emplearon análisis de regresión lineal simple, a partir de los cuales se obtuvieron fórmulas de predicción de las dimensiones de cada pieza dentaria anterior. Resultados: Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre el ancho interalar nasal y los anchos mesiodistales del incisivo central superior (p=0.019, R2 5.23%), incisivo lateral superior (=0.019, R2=2.31%) y canino superior (p=0.016, R2=12.04%) que permitieron generar modelos de predicción lineal simple para cada pieza dentaria representados mediante las siguientes fórmulas: IC=7.04+0.04(AI); IL=6.01+0.03(AI); C=6.19+0.05(AI). Conclusión:El ancho interalar nasal es un buen predictor de los anchos mesiodistales de los dientes anterosuperiores.

Age estimation in Brazilian adults by Kvaals and Camerieres methods

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the precision and applicability of two methods of age estimation, Kvaal's and Cameriere's methods, among Brazilian adults. A sample composed of periapical radiographs of canine teeth belonging to 320 Brazilian adults was analyzed, divided into groups according to sex (male and female) and age group (20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years and 50-59 years). Kvaal's method presented better results when compared to the results of Cameriere's method in the general evaluation of each canine tooth, except for the upper left canine (tooth 23), which presented a mean error (ME) with no statistically significant difference between the methods (Kvaal: ME = 7.43, p = 0.4991, Cameriere: ME = 7.55, p = 0.6982). In the evaluation by age groups, Kvaal's method presented a lower variation between the real age and estimated age when applied to the age groups of 20-29 years and 30-39 years compared to the results provided by Cameriere's method. With respect to the groups aged 40 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years, Cameriere's method presented better performance than the results provided by Kvaal's method. The methods of estimating age proposed by Kvaal and Cameriere are simple and nondestructive and have demonstrated reproducibility and reliability. The Kvaal method was more accurate for the age groups of 20-29 and 30-39 years, and for those over 40 years, the Cameriere method was the most accurate.

Patterns of Maxillary Canine Impaction in Iraqi Population

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence of maxillary canine impaction and whether the impacted canine cases have had a potentially good or poor prognosis if interceptive treatment was practiced at earlier ages. Material and Methods: 1755 panoramic radiographs of patients, aged 13 to 60 years, attending the University of Babylon, College of Dentistry for the period from November 2016 to July 2018 were collected and assessed for the presence of impacted maxillary canines. Subsequently, four suggested prognostic factors for each impacted canine were analyzed and recorded. Results: The prevalence of maxillary canine impaction was 119 (6.78%) with 89 unilateral impaction and 30 bilateral impaction resulting in a total of 149 impacted canines. Regarding the gender, impaction was more evident in females 70 than in males 49 with no statistical significant difference. For the side, impaction was more prevalent on the left (77) than on the right (72), also with no statistical difference (p>0.05). Following the analysis of the four prognostic factors, most of the cases, 117 (78.5%) had at least one prognostic factor to be poor. Although 82 (55%) of the cases had at least one prognostic factor to be good, only 4 had all the prognostic factors to be good. Conclusion: Although the cases that had a potentially good prognosis were little (4 cases), interceptive extraction of primary canines would mostly be beneficial for these patients as it will minimize the treatment time, cost and complications.

Relationship between the inner intercanthal distance and the mesiodistal dimension of maxillary anterior teeth in a peruvian population with facial harmony / Relación entre la distancia intercantal interna y la dimensión mesiodistal de dientes anterosuperiores en una población peruana con armonía facial

Objective: To determine the relationship between the inner intercanthal distance and the mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary anterior teeth in a Peruvian population with facial harmony. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study on a sample of 75 Peruvian subjects with facial harmony, with ages ranging between 18 and 30 years, was conducted. The inner intercanthal distance and the mesiodistal dimension of maxillary anterior teeth of each subject were measured with a digital vernier caliper. The relationship was evaluated by simple linear regression analysis. Results: A statistically significant direct relationship was found between the dimension of the inner intercanthal distance with the mesiodistal width of the lateral incisors (p=0.040, R2=5.65%), canines (p=0.032, R2=6.17%), and the total mesiodistal sum of the six anterior teeth (p=0.040, R2=5.63%), but not with the central incisors (p=0.273, R2=1.64%). Conclusion: The inner intercanthal distance showed a direct relationship with the total mesiodistal linear dimension of the maxillary anterior teeth, with the mesiodistal dimensions of the lateral incisors and canines in a Peruvian population with facial harmony.

Determinar la relación entre la distancia intercantal interna y la dimensión mesiodistal de los dientes anterosuperiores en individuos peruanos con armonía facial. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 75 individuos peruanos con armonía facial entre 18 a 30 años. Se midió la distancia intercantal interna y la dimensión mesiodistal de dientes anterosuperiores de cada sujeto con un calibrador vernier digital. La relación fue evaluada mediante análisis de regresión lineal simple. Resultados: Se encontró relación directa estadísticamente significativa entre la dimensión de la distancia intercantal interna con el ancho mesiodistal de los incisivos laterales (p=0.040, R2=5.65%), caninos (p=0.032, R2=6.17%) y la suma total mesiodistal de los seis dientes anteriores (p=0.040, R2=5.63%), más no con los incisivos centrales (p=0.273, R2=1.64%). Conclusión: La distancia intercantal interna mostró relación directa con la dimensión lineal mesiodistal total de los dientes anterosuperiores, con las dimensiones mesiodistales de los incisivos laterales y de caninos en individuos peruanos con armonía facial.

Estimación de la edad dental en adultos mediante análisis de relación de área pulpa/diente en premolares y caninos mandi bulares mediante ortopantomografías, en una muestra chilena / Dental age estimation in adults by pulp/tooth ratio in lower premolars and canines by orthopantomographs, in a Chilean sample

La estimación de la edad es uno de los procedimientos más importantes para la identificación humana. Cameriere et al. propusieron un método para estimación de edad evaluando la relación área pulpa/diente utilizando radiografías dentales, basado en la aposición de dentina secundaria. El objetivo de este estudio, fue desarrollar modelos de regresión lineal para la estimación de la edad, mediante la relación de área pulpa/diente en caninos y premolares mandibulares utilizando ortopantomografías (OPGs) en una población chilena de individuos adultos de edad y sexo conocidos. Se analizaron 162 OPGs digitales (67 hombres y 95 mujeres) mediante el programa ImageJ, con el fin de medir las áreas señaladas. Mediante análisis de regresión, se estudiaron las posibles interacciones entre la edad, sexo y relación de área pulpa/diente. Esta relación disminuyó regularmente con la edad y varió de 0,03 a 0,6 para premolares y 0,04 a 0,6 para caninos respectivamente. El mejor modelo de estimación de edad fue para la relación del canino inferior izquierdo obteniendo un coeficiente de determinación de R2=8,7 %. La media de error absoluto, con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %, osciló entre 5,6 y 5,72 años. El análisis de ANCOVA no mostró diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres para la estimación de edad, al igual que para ambos lados de la cavidad oral. Según los resultados obtenidos, la relación de área pulpa/diente es una metodología fiable para la estimación de la edad en adultos. Sin embargo, los resultados demuestran que, en casos reales, es necesario contar con métodos adicionales de estimación ya que, al menos en la muestra analizada, el ajuste indicado por los coeficientes de determinación demostró falta de certeza en las estimaciones etarias producidas por los modelos de regresión lineal.

Age estimation is one of the most important procedures for human identification. Cameriere et al. proposed a method for age estimation based on the analysis of the pulp/tooth ratio by using dental x-rays, based on the apposition of secondary dentine. The objective of this study was to develop linear regression models for age estimation, by means of the pulp/tooth ratio of mandibular canines and premolars using orthopantomographies (OPGs) in a Chilean population of adults of known age and sex. We analyzed 162 digital OPGs (67 men and 95 women) through ImageJ software, in order to measure these areas. By means of regression analysis, the possible interactions between age, sex and pulp / tooth ratio were studied. This relationship decreased regularly with age and ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 for premolars and 0.04 to 0.6 for canines, respectively. The best model of age estimation was for the relation of the lower left canine, obtaining a coefficient of determination of R2=8.7 %. The mean absolute error, with a confidence interval of 95 %, ranged between 5.6 and 5.72 years. The ANCOVA analysis showed no significant differences between men and women for age estimation, as well as for both sides of the oral cavity. According to the results, the pulp/tooth ratio is a reliable methodology for estimating age in adults. However, the results showed that, in actual cases, it is necessary to use additional estimation methods since, at least in the sample analyzed, the adjustment indicated by coefficients of determination showed uncertainty in age estimation produced by the linear regression models.

Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography: comparison of four teeth

Abstract Objectives Age estimation is one of the most important factors in forensic medicine. Measuring secondary dentin deposition using cone-beam computed tomography images is an easy and noninvasive method. The aim of this study was to evaluate cone-beam computed tomography images as a reliable method to estimate chronological age by pulp/teeth ratio in anterior teeth in Iranian population. Methodology A total of 649 CBCT images from 377 Iranian patients aged between 20 and 69 years were evaluated. Pulp/teeth ratio (PTR) in maxillary and mandibular canine and central incisor teeth was measured in the axial and sagittal sections using OnDemand 3D Dental software. The Pearson correlation coefficient was determined to evaluate the correlation between the variables. Linear regression analysis, as well as age estimation formula, was used for each tooth separately. Results The regression analyses indicated that maxillary central incisors were more reliable for age estimation (R2=0.586 and standard error of estimate=7.045) compared with the other anterior teeth studied. Maxillary canine teeth had the lowest predictive power (R2=0.392 and standard error of estimate=8.387). Also, comparison of the axial and sagittal sections showed that the axial sections had a higher predictive power. (R2=0.48 for axial plans and R2=0.328 for sagittal plans) Conclusion The use of cone-beam computed tomography in age estimation by pulp/teeth ratio of anterior teeth is useful and a reliable method for age estimation in Iranian population.

Perception of attractiveness of missing maxillary lateral incisors replaced by canines

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of perception of attractiveness of the smile among dentists, dental students, and lay persons in cases of agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisors replaced by canines for space closure. Methods: A smiling front view extraoral photograph of a 20-year-old woman was digitally altered simulating agenesis and its treatment, by means of: repositioning, reshaping or bleaching the canine, and gingival contour. A questionnaire was distributed to individuals of the three groups (n= 150), with a view to evaluating their degree of esthetic perception. An attractiveness scale was also used, with '0' representing unattractive and '10', very attractive. Results: In the comparative evaluation among all the photographs, the original image obtained the highest level of acceptance. Photograph 'i' (agenesis of both lateral incisors treated with reposition and reshaping of the canines) was ranked as the least attractive by the dentists, whereas the student and lay persons ranked photograph 'f' (agenesis of both lateral incisors treated with reposition of the canines, gingival contour, bleaching and reshaping) as the worst. Conclusion: The methods of treatment most accepted among the dentists and students were those that involved changes in the gingival contour, whereas among lay persons, they were those that involved only reshaping.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o grau de percepção da atratividade do sorriso por dentistas, estudantes de Odontologia e leigos, em casos de agenesia dos incisivos laterais superiores substituídos por caninos, para fechamento do espaço. Métodos: uma fotografia extrabucal frontal do sorriso de uma mulher com 20 anos de idade foi alterada simulando agenesia e seu tratamento por meio de: reposicionamento do canino, remodelação, clareamento ou contorno gengival. Um questionário foi distribuído aos indivíduos dos três grupos (n= 150), com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de percepção estética. Uma escala de atratividade também foi usada, com '0' representando pouco atraente e '10', muito atraente. Resultados: na avaliação comparativa entre as fotografias, a imagem original obteve o maior nível de aceitação. A fotografia "i" (agenesia de ambos os incisivos laterais tratada com reposição e remodelação dos caninos) foi classificada como a menos atraente pelos dentistas, enquanto os estudantes e os leigos classificaram a "f" (agenesia de ambos os incisivos laterais tratada com reposição dos caninos, contorno gengival, clareamento e remodelação) como a pior. Conclusão: os métodos de tratamento mais aceitos entre dentistas e estudantes foram aqueles que envolviam mudanças no contorno gengival, enquanto entre os leigos foram aqueles que envolviam apenas remodelação.

Incisor size analysis to predict mesiodistal diameter in unerupted canine and premolar crowns in native and non-native Chilean population / Análisis del tamaño de incisivos para predecir el diámetro mesiodistal de coronas de caninos y premolares no erupcionados en población chilena nativa y no nativa

SUMMARY: The principal orthodontic problems observed in the mixed dentition phase are related to arch length and tooth size discrepancy. In order to identify such space discrepancies different methods of mixed dentition space analyses have been introduced. For this reason the purpose of this study is to generate a new regressive equation to predict the diameter of cuspid and bicuspid teeth through mesiodistal widths of lower incisors in a Chilean population sample between native and non-native population. The study was conducted at the Araucania Dental Clinic in Temuco, and the sample comprised of historical dental casts from 200 school children (93 boys and 107 girls) from Temuco, Chile, between 13-16 years of age. The native Mapuche population consisted of 107 students and the non-native of 93 students. Measurements of the mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were carried out with the help of Vernier gauge calipers calibrated to 0.01 of a millimeter. The results show that there are differences in the mesiodistal diameter size of incisors, and canines and premolars in the two studied groups. There is a low correlation of the variables studied. In conclusion, significant sexual dimorphism in tooth sizes exists in the native sample, and there is no difference in non-native population. It is necessary to develop a predictive formula that is greater than 70 % of accuracy for clinical application. Resonance imaging (MRI).

RESUMEN: El principal problema ortodóncico observado en la etapa de dentición mixta está relacionado con la longitud del arco y la discrepancia del tamaño de los dientes. En orden a identificar tal discrepancia de espacio, diferentes métodos de análisis de espacio en dentición mixta han sido introducidos. Por esta razón el objetivo de este estudio fue generar una nueva ecuación regresiva para predecir el diámetro mesiodistal de caninos y premolares a partir del ancho de los incisivos centrales inferiores en una muestra de población chilena nativa y no nativa. El estudio fue realizado en la Clínica de Ortodoncia Araucanía en Temuco. La muestra fue seleccionada de una colección histórica de modelos dentales, 200 escolares (93 niños y 107 niñas) de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile con edades entre 13 y16 años. La población nativa fueron 107 estudiantes Mapuches y los no nativos fueron 93 estudiantes. Las mediciones del ancho mesiodistal de los incisivos mandibulares, caninos maxilares and mandibulares y premolares fueron realizadas con la ayuda de un medidor Vernier calibrado a 0.01 de milímetro. Los resultados muestran que hay diferencias en el diámetro mesiodistal de incisivos, y caninos y premolares en los grupos estudiados. Hay una baja correlación de las variables estudiadas. En conclusión, hay diferencias significativas en el tamaño de dientes entre hombres y mujeres en la muestra de nativos, y no hay diferencias en la población no nativa. Es necesario desarrollar una fórmula predictiva que sea mayor a 70 % de seguridad para aplicaciones clínicas.

Morphology and volume of maxillary canine pulp cavity for individual age estimation in forensic dentistry / Morfología y volumen de la cavidad de pulpa del canino maxilar para la estimación de la edad individual en odontología forense

Age estimation plays a very important role in individual recognition in forensic dentistry. Morphological data of 3D pulp cavity of maxillary canines were acquired by oral and craniofacial CT scans. In accordance with inclusion criteria, CT data of 103 patients (51 males and 52 females) were collected at the Department of Radiology, Stomatological Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, China from September 2015 to August 2016. Mimics 17.0 software was used to measure pulp volume of maxillary canines and tooth volume, and to calculate the ratio of pulp volume/tooth volume. SPSS 16.0 software was utilized to analyze and establish database. Linear regression analysis was applied to process data and to establish a linear regression equation for individual age: Y=69.137-621.200 (pulp volume/tooth volume), R=0.544. Subjects were grouped according to gender, deriving the inferred function of male age: Y=64.333-468.811 (pulp volume/tooth volume), R=0.435; the inferred function of female age: Y=76.445-843.186 (pulp volume/tooth volume), R=0.691. The ratio of pulp volume to tooth volume can be used to infer individual age, and can provide a new method and pathway for individual recognition in forensic dentistry.

La estimación de la edad juega un papel importante en el reconocimiento individual en la odontología forense. Los datos morfológicos de la cavidad pulpar tridimensional de los caninos maxilares fueron adquiridos por tomografía computarizada oral y craneofacial. De acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión, se recolectaron datos de 103 pacientes (51 hombres y 52 mujeres) en el Departamento de Radiología del Hospital de Estomatología de la Universidad de Medicina de Shanxi, desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016. Se utilizó el software Mimics 17.0 para medir el volumen de pulpa de los caninos maxilares y el volumen del diente, además, se calculó la relación entre el volumen de la pulpa y el volumen del diente. Se utilizó el software SPSS 16.0 para analizar y establecer las bases de datos. El análisis de regresión lineal se aplicó a los datos del proceso y para establecer la edad individual se aplicó una ecuación de regresión lineal: Y = 69.137-621.200 (volumen de la pulpa / volumen del diente), R = 0.544. Los sujetos se agruparon según el sexo, derivando la función inferida de la edad masculina: Y = 64.333-468.811 (volumen de la pulpa / volumen del diente), R = 0.435; La función inferida de la edad de la mujer: Y = 76.445-843.186 (volumen de la pulpa / volumen del diente), R = 0.691. La relación entre el volumen de la pulpa y el volumen del diente puede usarse para inferir la edad individual y puede proporcionar un nuevo método y forma para el reconocimiento individual en la odontología forense.

Relationship between width and length ratios of upper anterior teeth in young chilean population

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge about the size and proportion of upper anterior teeth allows dental rehabilitation taking into consideration the local parameters of a population. The aim of this research is to determine the width, length and the relationship between width and length of central incisor, lateral incisor and canine teeth in both sexes in young Chilean population. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was performed. Study subjects included 187 dentistry students from two Chilean cities (mean age 21.35+/-2.7 years, 52.9 percent men). The teeth width and height were measured and the width/height ratio was calculated. Differences in measurements according to sex was analyzed (p<0.05; STATA v.10.0). RESULTS: The width and height of the teeth were statistically and proportionally larger in men (p<0.05). The width/height ratio of lateral and canine incisors was significantly higher in women (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In a sample of young Chileans, upper anterior teeth were longer and wider in men. However, the width/height ratio of teeth was found to be significantly higher in women

Evaluación de un modelo de capacitación preclínica en el uso de los localizadores electrónicos del foramen, por alumnos de grado de endodoncia / Evaluation of a preclinical training model of undergraduatestudents in the use of electronic foramen locatorsin endodontics

Objetivo: evaluar la capacitación y los resultados del uso de localizadores del foramen en un curso preclínico destinado a alumnos de grado de la Escuela de Odontología de la Universidad del Salvador / AsociaciónOdontológica Argentina, entre 2005 y 2016. Materiales y métodos: Se emplearon 2053 incisivos, caninos y premolares inferiores y superiores humanos extraídos. Los dientes se montaron de modo tal que sus raí-ces quedasen sumergidas en una solución salina, utilizando dos métodos: a) tubos de plástico, b) modelos que simulan la arcada dentaria. Se realizaron los accesos coronarios al conducto radicular de forma convencional y se prepararonlos tercios cervical y medio. Para determinar la longitud de trabajo, se introdujo una lima tipo K de calibre acorde con el conducto radicular, ajustando en ella el terminal del localizador electrónico del foramen. El terminal labial se sumergió en la misma solución salina en que se encontraban las raíces dentarias. En la mayoría de los dientes se empleó, parala determinación, la técnica de ingreso, y en los restantes, la de regreso. El nivel de penetración se estableció con la señal lumínica y/o sonora de 0,5. Se ajustó el tope del instrumento al borde de referencia y se obtuvo una imagen radiográfica periapical del diente evaluado. Se retiró el instrumento del conducto radicular y se midió desde su punta hasta el tope respectivo. Las medidas obtenidas con los localizadores electrónicos del foramen se compararon con las conductometrías radiográficas, considerando una tolerancia de 0,5 mm. Para la evaluación estadística, se tomó en cuenta el cálculo de intervalo deconfianza (95 por ciento) realizado a partir de la distribución binomial.Resultados: De los 2053 dientes en los cuales se determinó la longitud de trabajo, 1743 (84,9 por ciento) fueron consideradas medidas correctas, y 310 (15,1 por ciento), incorrectas...

Aim: To assess the training process and results of the useof electronic apex locators in an Aim: To assess the training process and results of the useof electronic apex locators in an undergraduate preclinicalcourse for students from the University del Salvador / AsociaciónOdontológica Argentina between 2005 and 2016.Materials and methods: Two thousand fifty threeextracted human incisors, canines, maxillary and mandibularbicuspid teeth were used. The teeth were mounted withthe roots submerged in saline solution using two methods: a) plastic tubes, b) models simulating the dental arch. Conventionalcoronal access to the root canal was performedand the cervical and middle portions of the root canal wereflared. To determine the working length a K-file with a caliberaccording to the root canal was selected for each tooth andintroduced in the root canal with the clip adjusted in the file.The labial clip was immersed in the model saline solution. Inthe majority of the teeth the advanced and withdrawal techniquewas employed. The level of penetration was establishedusing the light and/or the acoustic signal at 0.5. Then, the rubberstop was adjusted to the reference line and a radiographwas obtained. The instrument was removed and measuredfrom its tip to the rubber stop. The measurements obtainedwith the electronic apex locators were compared with thoseobtained from the X rays considering a tolerance of 0.5 mm.For the statistical evaluation, 95% confidence intervals werecalculated using the binomial distribution.Results: Out of 2053 teeth in which the working lengthwas determined, 1743 (84.9%) were considered correct measurementsand 310 (15.1%) incorrects...

Do different vertical positions of maxillary central incisors influence smile esthetics perception?

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and layperson, with respect to different maxillary central incisors vertical positions in full-face and close-up smile analyses. METHODS: Frontal photographs of the smiles of two adult women were used. Images were altered to create a symmetrical image with the gingival margin levels of the maxillary canines matching the central incisors and a 1.0-mm central-to-lateral incisal step. Later, the images were altered in order to create six different central incisor vertical positions in 0.5-mm increments. The images were randomly assembled in an album, which was given to 114 judges, 57 orthodontists and 57 laypersons, who were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the images using the visual analog scale. The data collected were statistically analyzed by means of 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey post-hoc test and the Student t test. RESULTS: The highest rated smiles showed two notable characteristics: a) the central incisor gingival margins matched or were 0.5 mm below the line of the canine gingival margins and; b) the central-to-lateral incisal step was 1.0 to 1.5 mm. The worst smiles showed two notable characteristics: a) the central incisor gingival margins were 1.0 mm above or 1.5 mm below the canine gingival margins and; b) no step between the centrals and laterals or a 2.5-mm step. CONCLUSION: The vertical position of the maxillary central incisors significantly affected the perception of the smile esthetics, whereas slightly extruded central incisors were more esthetically preferred than intruded.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a percepção da estética do sorriso, entre ortodontistas e leigos, em relação a diferentes posições verticais de incisivos centrais superiores, em análises de face completa e do sorriso aproximado. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas fotografias frontais de sorrisos de duas mulheres adultas. As imagens foram alteradas para criar uma imagem simétrica, com o nível das margens gengivais dos caninos superiores igual ao dos incisivos centrais e um degrau incisal de 1,0 mm entre central e lateral. Posteriormente, as imagens foram alteradas para criar seis diferentes posições verticais de incisivos centrais, em incrementos de 0,5 mm. As imagens foram montadas aleatoriamente em um álbum, que foi dado a 114 avaliadores (57 ortodontistas e 57 leigos), que foram convidados a avaliar a atratividade das imagens usando uma escala analógica visual. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA) de um fator com o teste post-hoc de Tukey e o teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: os sorrisos mais bem avaliados apresentaram duas características notáveis: a) as margens gengivais dos incisivos centrais corresponderam ou estavam 0,5 mm abaixo da linha das margens gengivais dos caninos; b) o degrau incisal entre central e lateral foi de 1,0 a 1,5 mm. Os piores sorrisos mostraram duas características notáveis: a) as margens gengivais dos incisivos centrais estavam 1,0 mm acima ou 1,5 mm abaixo das margens gengivais dos caninos e; b) nenhum degrau entre os centrais e laterais ou um degrau de 2,5 mm. CONCLUSÃO: a posição vertical dos incisivos centrais superiores afetou significativamente a percepção da estética do sorriso, ao passo que incisivos centrais ligeiramente extruídos foram mais preferidos esteticamente do que intruídos.

Conceitos importantes sobre o dente canino / Important aspects of canine tooth

A Odontologia Restauradora é fundamentada numa tríade: função, biologia e estética. Muitas vezes, durante o planejamento estético, nos preocupamos com a forma, harmonia, coesão facial, cor e posição principalmente dos dentes Incisivos centrais e laterais. O canino é um dente muito importante também para todos esses efeitos e responsável pela curvatura do sorriso, dando o início do efeito paralaxe do corredor bucal. O mau posicionamento desse dente no arco pode comprometer a estética e função, afetando principalmente a guia canina. É importante lembrar que esse dente protege mutualmente o arco dentário anterior e posterior e alguns conceitos são importantes para estabelecer sua forma correta e sua posição ideal na arcada.

Restorative dentistry is based on the triad: function, aesthetics, and biology. During treatment planning, we often care about shape, facial harmony, color and position, especially when it comes to central and lateral incisors. however the canine teeth is also very important since impact all these factors. In addition canine teeth are also responsible for the curvature of the smile, initiating the buccal corridor. Poor positioning of the canines may compromise both aesthetic and function, with great impact over canine guidance. It is important to notice that this tooth protects the maxillary and mandibular arches, and some aspects must be observed in order to achieve its proper shape and position.

Proporciones del ancho/longitud de las coronas clínicas de los dientes anteriores del maxilar en una población Latino-Americana / Width/length ratios of clinical crowns of maxillary anterior teeth in a Latin-American cohort

Objetivo: Analizar las dimensiones de las coronas clínicas de los dientes anteriores del maxilar con respecto al ancho, longitud y proporción del ancho/longitud; y determinar si existe una correlación entre estos parámetros, así como con la altura facial en una población Latino-Americana. Material y métodos: Este estudio fue observacional de tipo transversal, se seleccionó una muestra de 94 estudiantes de ambos sexos entre 17 y 28 años de edad. Se evaluó en modelos confeccionadosde yeso el ancho, la longitud y la proporción entre ancho/longitud delincisivo central (IC), lateral (IL) y canino (CA) superior derecho, asícomo también se determinó clínicamente la altura facial utilizando un Vernier digital. Resultados: La longitud promedio de las coronas clínicas (en mm) de varones versus mujeres fue del IC: 10.36 versus 9.45; IL: 8.90 versus 8.24 y CA: 10.37 versus 9.43; mientras queel ancho promedio fue del IC: 8.44 versus 8.16; del IL: 7.00 versus 6.78 y del CA: 8.26 versus 8.00. La proporción promedio del ancho/longitud de las coronas clínicas de los varones versus mujeres fue del IC: 0.81 versus 0.86; IL: 0.78 versus 0.82 y CA: 0.80 versus 0.85. Se obtuvieron diferencias signifi cativas del ancho, longitud y la proporción del ancho/longitud de estas coronas por género (p < 0.05). Ademásse encontró una correlación positiva entre las dimensiones de estos dientes, mientras que se obtuvo una correlación relativa con la altura facial. Conclusión: Los resultados indican que en varones y mujeres la proporción del ancho / longitud promedio de las coronas clínicas de los dientes anterosuperiores es 0.82; además del ancho, la longitud de éstos es mayor en los varones y existe una correlación positiva entre las dimensiones dentarias, todo ello nos puede servir como pautas para el plan de tratamiento, procedimientos clínicos estéticos en odontología restauradora para nuestra población.

Objective: To analyze the dimensions of clinical crowns of maxillary anterior teeth in terms of width, length, and width/length ratio, and todetermine whether there is a correlation between these parameters and facial height in a Latin American cohort. Material and methods: Anobservational cross-sectional study was conducted, in which a sampleof 94 students of both sexes, aged between 17 and 28 years old, wasselected. Plaster models were used to measure the width, length, andwidth/length ratio of the central incisor (CI), lateral incisor (LI) andupper-right canine (CA); facial height was also measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Results: The average length of the clinical crowns(in mm) for males versus females was CI: 10.36 versus 9.45; LI: 8.90versus 8.24 and CA: 10.37 versus 9.43; the average width was CI: 8.44versus 8.16; LI: 7.00 versus 6.78 and CA: 8.26 versus 8.00. The averagewidth/length ratio of the clinical crowns of males versus females wasCI: 0.81 versus 0.86; LI: 0.78 versus 0.82 and CA: 0.80 versus 0.85.Signifi cant diff erences in the width, length, and width/length ratio ofthese crowns were found between the sexes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, apositive correlation was found between the dimensions of these teeth,and a relative correlation with facial height. Conclusion: The resultssuggest that, in both men and women, the average width/length ratioof the clinical crowns of upper anterior teeth is 0.82; Furthermore, thewidth and length of these teeth is greater in males and there is a positivecorrelation between the dental dimensions. Together these fi ndingscan serve as guidelines in planning the treatment and clinical aesthetic procedures used in restorative dentistry for our cohort.

Periodontal and dental effects of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion, assessed by using digital study models

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the maxillary dental arch changes produced by surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). METHODS: Dental casts from 18 patients (mean age of 23.3 years) were obtained at treatment onset (T1), three months after SARME (T2) and 6 months after expansion (T3). The casts were scanned in a 3D scanner (D-250, 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Maxillary dental arch width, dental crown tipping and height were measured and assessed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Increased transversal widths from T1 and T2 and the maintenance of these values from T2 and T3 were observed. Buccal teeth tipping also showed statistically significant differences, with an increase in all teeth from T1 to T2 and a decrease from T2 to T3. No statistically significant difference was found for dental crown height, except for left first and second molars, although clinically irrelevant. CONCLUSION: SARME proved to be an effective and stable procedure, with minimum periodontal hazards. .

OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as alterações dentárias e periodontais decorrentes da Expansão Rápida da Maxila Assistida Cirurgicamente (ERMAC). MÉTODOS: foram obtidos os modelos de gesso de 18 pacientes (média de idade de 23,3 anos), ao início (T1), 3 meses após a ERMAC (T2) e 6 meses após a expansão (T3). Os modelos foram digitalizados (Scanner 3D 3Shape D-250) e mensuraram-se as distâncias transversais, bem como a inclinação e a altura da coroa clínica dos dentes posteriores. Para análise dos resultados, aplicou-se a análise de Variância e o teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: nas distâncias transversais, observou-se um aumento de T1 para T2 e uma manutenção de T2 para T3. As inclinações dentárias demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em alguns dentes; porém, numericamente tenderam a um aumento de T1 para T2 e a uma diminuição de T2 para T3. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa na altura da coroa clínica, exceto nos primeiros e segundos molares do lado esquerdo, porém, clinicamente irrelevante. CONCLUSÕES: a ERMAC demonstrou ser um procedimento efetivo e estável, com mínima repercussão periodontal. .

Morphometric study of the dental roots of permanent lower anterior teeth in Brazilian individuals / Estudio morfométrico de las raíces dentales de los dientes anteriores inferiores permanentes de individuos brasileños

The knowledge of dental morphometry, especially of its radicular portion, is of great importance for certain dental specialties, such as, endodonty. Regarding the permanent lower anterior teeth we know that its morphology and root length, are variable. The aim of this study was to analyze the average length of the dental roots of permanent lower anterior teethin Brazilian individuals. The average root length obtained in this study for the lower central incisors was 13.07 mm; to lower canines the value found was 15.81 mm; the average value for the radicular portion of lower lateral incisors was 13.08 mm. We conclude that the mean value for the length of the radicular portion of permanent lower central incisors is similar to that found for permanent lower lateral incisors, because they have similar anatomical features. Among the lower incisors and lower canines the discrepancy is greater because the lower canines are bulkier. Furthermore, we could conclude that the values obtained in our study may be used as a parameter to characterize the average length of the dental roots of permanent lower anterior teethin Brazilian individuals.

El conocimiento de la morfometría dental, especialmente de su porción radicular, es de gran importancia para determinadas especialidades odontológicas, tales como la endodoncia. En cuanto a los dientes anteriores inferiores permanentes se sabe que su morfología y longitud radicular son variables. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el valor promedio de la longitud de las raíces dentales de los dientes anteriores inferiores permanentes de individuos brasileños. El valor promedio de la longitud de la raíz obtenido para el incisivo central inferior fue el 13,07 mm; para el canino inferior el valor promedio encontrado fue el 15,81 mm; el valor promedio para la porción radicular del incisivo lateral inferior fue el 13,08 mm. Se concluye que el valor promedio de la longitud de la porción radicular de los incisivos centrales mandibulares permanentes es similar al valor encontrado para los incisivos laterales mandibulares permanentes, hecho que se debe a las características anatómicas similares existentes entre ellos. Entre los incisivos y caninos mandibulares la discrepancia es mayor porque los caninos mandibulares son más voluminosos. Adicionalmente, concluimos que se puede utilizar los valores promedios obtenidos en este estudio como parámetro para caracterizar la longitud promedio de las raíces dentales de los dientes anteriores mandibulares permanentes de individuos Brasileños.